CV Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CV - Assignment Example I learnt that my career not only involved working at financial sectors such as banks but also in the corporate world. When I asked the interviewee about business administration, he said that it is made up of three levels. The first one is the top level management made up of board of directors and the CEO. The second one is the middle level management made up of branch managers, junior executives, and departmental heads. The third one is the lower level management that is made up of supervisors and foremen. However, the opinion of the interviewee on the business administration in the corporate world was that it kept on changing. Therefore, any person in the three management levels had to be dynamic and creative. When I inquired about what exactly employers look for in a fresh graduate, Mr. Upel Gamage said that a graduate should have good management skills. Upon being put for probation as cashiers, employers identify rational and critical thinkers in terms of management, and separate them from the rest. When I asked him about what I can do to make myself more marketable in the corporate world, he sa id that I needed to have the world under my feet by having as much information, dynamism and creativity as possible apart from undertaking my course subject. Therefore, getting attachment in various corporations was of paramount importance in obtaining information and experience. The most outstanding challenges of the profession were the fact that one had to perform because success was measured by statistics. I would like to register my sincere gratitude to you for accepting my interview. The brief interview I had with you has brought a total turnaround in my life because it has acted as an eye opener in my career life. I truly appreciate the fact that you spared some time off your busy schedule and you gave me priceless guidance. Just as you told me during the interview that

APA Help Center Analysis Essay Example for Free

APA Help Center Analysis Essay The website APA Help Center from the American Psychological Association (http://apahelpcenter. org/articles/topic. php? id=2) is all about articles and information focusing on family and relationship. It is demonstrated by a picture of a father and son on the upper right part of the webpage. In the center, the main heading â€Å"Family and Relationships† covers 49 subheadings that vary from disorders, parenting, stress to sexual orientation. The website is particularly useful and functional to me in a sense that it offers helpful advices with regards to certain family relationships such as parenting and psychological disorders such as mental health, emotional wellness and anger management. It also offers a number of tips on specific issue. If I want to have knowledge on how to help a friend who is suffering from chronic illnesses, the website is indeed of great help. It bestows me a realization that I, as a friend and loved one, need not be afraid because chronic illness is not contagious, instead, I must help my friend deal with it by offering support and care. The website itself is divided into seven parts namely about the APA Help Center, featured topics, articles and information, find a psychologist, request information, for reporters and home. However, I focus on the articles and information because of some reasons I have stated earlier. Moreover, the mentioned part of the website provides enormous information and knowledge. It serves as a virtual psychologist to me. There is no need for me to go and see a psychologist just to be informed on some things of utmost importance such as coping with stress, how to control anger, how to deal with back-to-school blues, and a lot more. Nevertheless, if I desire to talk to a psychologist, the website has already done a template on finding one nearest to my area. I greatly recommend the site to everyone I know because it is indeed useful. If there are issues with regards to particular things that are not on the list, a person can still find some useful information by using the search template on the uppermost right part of the page. Reference American Psychological Association. (2004). Family and Relationships. APA Help Center. Retrieved March 2, 2009 from http://apahelpcenter. org/articles/topic. php? id=2.

People Express Airlines Case Study Essay -- Business and Management St

People Express Airlines Case Study Abstract: In the well documented case of the early low-fare and economy carrier People Express Airlines (PE) the common explanation for the rapid rise and decline is excessive corporate growth. Based on a dynamic resource based, this case finds that it is not only the rate of growth embodied in the resource buildup processes—which determines the outcome of a corporate growth strategy. â€Å"Despite the rapidly increasing financial problem by the spring of 1986, PE continued to win praise for its impact on the airlines industry and the value it offered to customers. But PE was fighting for market share all over the country. In Denver, United and Continental were destroying Frontier. Other airlines continued to entice customers away with low fares and more amenities†, (Pg18, Holland). People Express (PE)’s low fare and economy strategy did change in the speed of corporate growth and in other vital strategic decisions, like implementing a hub and new network and giving service to major airports but later it went down as PE try to grow faster and merge with other airlines. Could people express have been saved? Why or why not? People Express (PE) was the first airline that was opened in the time of US airline deregulation back in 70'. People Express was one of the most impressive business success stories in airlines business, growing to the nation's fifth largest air carrier by mid 80’s, â€Å"In 1985, its revenue were nearly $1 billion. By the end of...

Summit Series

The 1972 Summit Series is a hockey series between Canada and the Soviet Union. It took place during the time of the Cold War when the East and West were fighting to prove who was better. The 1972 Summit Series proved that we are the greatest hockey nation creating great nationalism in Canada despite that it was part of the cold war. It showed that Canada is the greatest hockey nation, the Summit Series brought all the people of Canada together and it took place at a time during the Cold War. These points will be further explained in the following paragraphs.Firstly, the 1972 Summit Series proved that Canada is the greatest hockey nation ever. â€Å"The NHL long regarded itself as the world's elite, but the overwhelming superiority of the Soviet Union in international amateur play in the 1960s led to a dramatic 1972 summit series between Team Canada (Canadian NHL players) and the Soviet national team,† (Columbia encyclopaedia, sixth edition). This tells us how before the series the Soviet Union was known as the best international team ever. This series came into play to show who was truly better. Canada ended up winning so it turns out that we are a better hockey nation. Here’s a shot. Henderson makes a wild stab for it and falls,† Foster Hewitt breathlessly described. â€Å"Here’s another shot. Right in front. They score!! Henderson has scored for Canada! † (1972summitseries. com). This quote is when Henderson scored the goal that would put them ahead in the final game of the serious and the goal that would make them win the series! This proves that Canada is the greatest hockey nation because they won the series with this goal. â€Å"What that team did, I don’t think there has been a greater feat in sports. It was an unbelievable comeback against a great Russian team.I’ve never seen anything like it,† said Bobby Orr (1972 Summit Series Quotes). This quote came from one of the greatest hockey players of all time, so that makes it very special. Bobby Orr is explaining how the Russians were a very strong team but we took them down in an amazing series. So it tells us that Canada is better because we beat the amazing Soviet Union team. In conclusion, Canada has earned the title of the greatest hockey nation ever. Secondly, this great series created great nationalism between all Canadians in this beautiful country. â€Å"There was no such thing as francophone or aWesterner, or anything else. We were all Canadians. The series brought us all together. It brought an entire country together. It was Canada playing, not team Canada. It was us against them and every Canadian somehow seemed to have a sense of ownership of that team. I guess war is the only thing that could bring a country together like that series did,† said Paul Henderson (1972 Summit Series Quotes). This quote shows us that this series brought every Canadian together. No matter the race or nationality of the person, they all gathered together to support out country in the 1972 Summit Series.Erik Floren says â€Å"During the series, kids and adults skipped school studies and workplace to amass around radios or TVs. Far from a friendly exhibition- the games exploded into war on ice. The sheer intensity galvanized Canadians of all creeds, colour, and both official languages. † (www. 1972summitseries. com) The Summit Series must have been really important to all Canadians because this quote tells us how every Canadian, even if they don like hockey, skipped out on there duties to watch this exciting seven game series. In Canada today, the Summit Series remains a source of much national pride, and is seen by many as a landmark event in Canadian cultural history† (Global Oneness Encyclopaedia II). The 1972 Summit Series meant a lot to all Canadians, and still does. It is still an important part of our past and always will be. For those who were alive at the time when this occurred, they will definitely never forget this amazing series. This series brought Canadians together like no other event could. Everybody took pride and honour from this victory whether they were hockey fans or not.Lastly, the Summit Series was a part of the Cold War. The Cold War is when the West and East of the world were fighting to prove who was better. A member of the team Canada, Phil Esposito says, â€Å"It was a war, our society vs. theirs† (1972 Summit Series Quotes). He means that it was a war between communism and democracy. Our society is a democratic society, and people over here think that it is better then communism. The Soviet Union is a communist country and they were fighting to show that they were better. â€Å"By the early 1970’s, the Soviet Union was at the peak of its power.The Communist Party remained the sole political force in the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union attempted to assert itself as the world’s dominant superpower† (Cold War (1972-1989): t he Collapse of the Soviet Union). The East was starting to become even more powerful and the West didn’t know what to do to stop them. For every time that Russia had a great accomplishment, the U. S or the West would take a step back instead of forward. The Summit Series helped slow down the East on their rise to the top and gave the West a big step on becoming better. It was war and yes, hell for us whether we wanted it or not† (1972 Summit Series Quotes) said Phil Esposito. This means that team Canada could not back out of this series even if they wanted to. It was a big part of the Cold War and meant so much to all the people in the West. So the players basically didn’t have a choice, they had to play and win or else people would have been angry and it would not have turned out well. This series came alive at a time during the Cold War and helped the West to become the better side of the world.This great hockey serious which took place in 1972, showed the enti re world that Canada is the best hockey nation in the world and that no other country can even compare. The 1972 Summit Series also brought every Canadian together, no matter what race, religion, or gender together like no other event or thing could. Lastly, this epic battle took place at the time of the Cold War, when there was a feud between communism and democracy. They were fighting to prove who was better, the East or West. The 1972 Summit Series could possibly be the most defining point in Canadian history and it will never be forgotten.

A Formal Analysis of Statue of Liberty by Andy Warhol

A Formal Analysis of Statue of Liberty by Andy Warhol Andy Warhol created his painting Statue of Liberty in 1962. The painting’s subject is, obviously, the Statue of Liberty, repeated twelve times in a 4 by 3 matrix. The painting belongs to the Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; however it is being auctioned on November 14th at Christie’s in New York. It is rather large at 80 by 61 inches. To be able to see the entirety of the painting, one must stand back several feet. The image that appears twelve times in the painting is the Statue of Liberty facing forward from her legs up.One can see most of the statue, including the torch, and the horizon behind her. The painting is composed mostly of a cool blue. In addition to the blue, a vibrant red is included, creating a contrast in the painting. Strangely enough, the painting is not centered, but rather aligned to the right, leaving a lot of unused space on the left. The repetition of the statue forms a harmony of sorts, but the individual coloring creates a small separation. The original image of the statue appears that it was not painted, though it contrast between the ocean and the sky makes it seem like the picture might have been altered.The sky in the background matches the color of the linen. The image shows the statue dead center with the ocean filling two thirds of it and the sky filling the other third. In a majority of the rectangles there is a splotch of darker blue than what is used on the statue that covers the statue’s torch and torch, keeping one from seeing everything completely. Only two of the images include red paint, excluding the images on the far right that are cut off. The grid of the images creates six or seven implied lines.There is also an implied line from the bottom of the left side of the statue to the tip of the torch. There is a line created along the horizon of the dark ocean and the bland sky. There are contrasted lines within the ocean to show wave s or motion using the linen as the background color. The face of the statue varies in visibility between each square. It varies between visible, somewhat visible, and not visible between the images. The appearance changes from square to square. Together, the squares show harmony since the statue is fixed in place. The variation occurs with the splotch on the statue’s face.It seems to move, or disappear, from the top left to the bottom right square, giving the painting its variation. The splotch that covers Lady Liberty’s face can possibly emphasize the face or the torch she holds. The important matter is possibly the face that she is, or isn’t, covered, though it is in an inconsistent way to induce speculation of the artwork. Symmetry has been used to show uniformity or order. Since the painting is aligned to the right it doesn’t show uniformity in that aspect. The image, on the other hand, is very uniform. The entirety of the painting expresses almost an ordered chaos.The squares show strange, jagged shapes that are indistinguishable across the painting. Each one of them is much lighter than the color in the square. The shapes are presented as shadows, and from square to square it seems as though they are moving as they would through a film strip. Even though the Statue of Liberty is enormous, it's seems to be shrunken in this artwork. The shrunken statue is then multiplied by twelve and fluidly placed on the linen canvas. The movement of the blue splotch and the white shadow overlay gives a sort of flow across the piece.The repetition of the image in the squares could possible represent the variety of ways that America is perceived by people. The variation of color and the distortion of the face/torch by the blue splotch could represent the different experiences of people in the country. The blank area on the left of the piece depicts the abundance of opportunity in America. The repetition of the same picture, on the other hand, c ould show a generic form of America, but with the variation of color could represent that it could differ with some very small details. The painting is somewhat ambiguous in this way, but is great nonetheless.

Ponce De Leon And The Early ExplorationOf Florida Essays

Ponce De Leon And The Early ExplorationOf Florida Essays Ponce de Leon and the Early Explorationof Florida Juan Ponce de Leon was born in 1460, in Tierra de Campos Paleia, in Leon, Spain (Ponce, 1996). He came from a noble family and entered the royal household as a page for Pedro Nunez de Guzman, at the Court of Aragon. Later, young Ponce de Leon would become a solider for Spain and fight in the battles to drive the Moors from Granada (Blassingame, 1991). In 1493, Leon sailed with Christopher Columbus on his second voyage to America (Ponce, 1996). He was a member of the forces that enslaved the Indians in Hispaniola.This was the European and Spanish way. Few explores would look upon the natives they encountered as anything more than talking animals. For the year of 1502 he was a captain under the governor of Hispaniola, Nicolas de Ovando (Thompson, 1990). During his time as captain he would suppress an Indian uprising. For this he was rewarded with the governorship of Higuey (Blassingame, 1991). Ponce de Leon would remain in Hispaniola until 1503. In this year he would be intrigued by the tales of gold to be found in Borinquen, known as the modern Puerto Rico (Ponce, 1994). He sailed to explore and settle the island. He landed on August 12, 1508 and soon conquered the island and was granted governorship of the island. There he carved himself a large estate, where he built a castle (Thompson, 1990). Ovanado was soon replaced with Diego Columbus, as governor of Hispaniola. And Columbus placed Juna Ceron as the new governor of Puerto Rico. For two years Leon fought to keep his governorship, but he was removed from the position. He was advised by King Ferdinand to find new land (Thompson 1990). The Indians of Hispaniola worked as slaves for the Europeans. They would tell great stories of a place called Bimini. It was a land filled with great riches. Ponce de Leon heard a different story from an old Indian woman. She added an interesting twist to her story. In her tale she told him of a magic fountain that turned middle aged and old persons in to young vibrant men and women. If the riches did not attract Ponce de Leon, the story of this fountain did. He was in his fifties and since his political career had failed, he figured, it was as good a time as any to explore the land (1990). Ponce de Leon left San German, Puerto Rico on March 3, 1513 and sailed with a fleet of three ships heading northwest toward Bimini. The chain of seven hundred Bahama islands was on his route but time would not allow him to explore each of them. He did visit the island of San Salvador where Columbus made his first landfall two decades before. The crew sighted the coast of America on March 3, 1513. This was Easter Sunday so he named the land Florida after the Spanish name for Easter, Pascua de Flores (Ponce, 1993). The first sighting took place near present day St. Augustine, which was to be founded fifty-two years later (1990). Six days after they sighted land they found a safe place to dock their ships. The royal banner of Spain was then flown over the new land. They expected the same lack of resistance as they had experienced when they came ashore at Hispaniola, but they were in for a surprise. The natives were fierce fighters and less enthusiastic of the appearance of these strange white men. Although their bow and arrows were not of significance to the Spaniards, but the poisoned arrows they used were. Ponce de Leon only went upon land when it was absolutely necessary. He never had the chance to explore the land for himself (1990). Ponce de Leon felt it was best to find a safer harbor. The fleet sailed south to the modern-day Cape Canaveral. The ships were caught in the strong current of the Gulf Stream which forced them to struggle for weeks along the Florida Keys. Ponce de Leon finally decided to turn around and head home. He was so overwhelmed with his discovery that he sailed directly to Spain (Ponce 1994). Ponce de Leon figured that this

Employment And Discriminatory IRAC Brief Example

Employment And Discriminatory IRAC Brief Example Employment And Discriminatory IRAC Brief – Coursework Example Employment and Discriminatory IRAC Brief Employment and Discriminatory IRAC Brief Issue Was it right for Merrill Lynch The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA); The American with Disabilities Act (ADA); Equal Pay Act, The Equal Opportunity Employment Commission and the State Statutes (USLegal, 2015).ReferencesEqual Employment Opportunity Commission-EEOC. (2015). Discrimination by Type. Retrieved from eeoc.gov/laws/types/ Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment- MBIE. (2014). Employment Relationships From Beginning to End. Richmond: Crown copyright. Secunda, P.M. & Hirsch, J. (2010). Mastering Employment Discrimination Law. New York, NY: Carolina Academic Press.USLegal. (2015). Discrimination Law and Legal Definition. Retrieved from http://definitions.uslegal.com/d/discrimination/

The Ethanol Subsidy and How Biofuel Tax Incentives Work

The Ethanol Subsidy and How Biofuel Tax Incentives Work The primary ethanol subsidy offered by the federal government is a tax incentive called the Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit, which was passed by Congress and signed into law by President George W. Bush in 2004. It took effect in 2005. The ethanol subsidy, which is commonly referred to as the blenders credit, offers ethanol blenders registered with the Internal Revenue Service a tax credit of 45 cents for every gallon of pure ethanol they blend with gasoline. That particular ethanol subsidy cost taxpayers $5.7 billion in foregone revenues in 2011, according to the U.S. Government Accountability Office, the nonpartisan congressional watchdog agency. Debate Over the Ethanol Subsidy Supporters of the federal ethanol subsidy argue that it encourages production and use of the biofuel and thereby reduces the amount of foreign oil needed to produce gasoline, a step toward energy independence. But critics argue that ethanol burns far less efficiently than gasoline, driving up fuel consumption and that it increases demand for corn for fuel and artificially boosts the cost of farm commodities and retail prices of food. They also say such an incentive is unnecessary because legislation enacted in 2007 requires oil companies to produce 36 billion gallons of biofuels such as ethanol by 2022. While born of good intentions, federal subsidies for ethanol have failed to achieve their intended goals of energy independence, U.S. Sen. Tom Coburn, a Republican from Oklahoma and leading critic of the ethanol subsidy, said in 2011. The effort to Kill the Ethanol Subsidy Coburn led an effort to repeal the ethanol subsidy in June of 2011, saying it was a waste of taxpayer money - he said the Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit cost $30.5 billion from 2005 through 2011 - because consumption remained only a small part of the countrys fuel use. His effort to repeal the ethanol subsidy failed in the Senate by a vote of 59 to 40. While Im disappointed my amendment did not pass, taxpayers should remember that when I offered an amendment to defund the Bridge to Nowhere in Alaska in 2005 we lost that vote 82 to 15, Coburn said in a statement. Over time, however, the will of the people prevailed and Congress was forced to scale back this wasteful and corrupting practice. Today, the earmark favor factory is mostly closed. Only the tax division remains open. Im confident this debate, and many more ahead, will expose the tax code for what it is - an abomination that favors the well-connected over working families and small businesses. History of the Ethanol Subsidy The Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit ethanol subsidy became law on Oct. 22, 2004, when President George W. Bush signed the American Jobs Creation Act into law. Included in that piece of legislation was the Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit. The initial bill gave ethanol blenders a tax credit of 51 cents for every gallon of ethanol they mixed with gasoline. Congress reduced the tax incentive by 6 cents per gallon as part of the 2008 Farm Bill. According to the Renewable Fuels Association, gasoline refiners and marketers are required to pay the full rate of tax, which is 18.4 cents per gallon on the total gasoline-ethanol mixture but can claim the 45 cents per gallon tax credit or refund for each gallon of ethanol used in the mixture. The ethanol subsidy benefits multibillion-dollar integrated oil companies such as BP, Exxon, and Chevron. The First Ethanol Subsidy The Energy Policy Act of 1978 was the first federal legislative ethanol subsidy. It allowed for a 40-cent tax exemption per gallon of ethanol, according to Purdue University.The Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 increased the tax exemption to 50 cents per gallon of ethanol.The 1990 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act extended the ethanol subsidy to 2000 but decreased the amount to 54 cents a gallon.The 1998 Transportation Efficiency Act of the 21st Century extended the ethanol subsidy through 2007 but reduced it to 51 cents per gallon by 2005.Bushs signature on the Jobs Creation Act changed the way the modern ethanol subsidy worked. Instead, it offered a straight tax credit to producers, the legislation allowed for the blenders credit. President Trump Protects the Ethanol Subsidy During his 2016 campaign, President Donald Trump came out as one of the ethanol subsidy’s strongest supporters. Speaking in Iowa, where corn is king, on January 21, 2016, he said, â€Å"The EPA should ensure that biofuel . . . blend levels match the statutory level set by Congress,† adding that he was â€Å"was â€Å"there with you [farmers] 100 percent† on continuing federal subsidy for ethanol. â€Å"You’re going to get a really fair shake from me.† After Trump took office in January 2017, all seemed well with the ethanol subsidy until early October, when his own EPA administrator Scott Pruitt announced that the agency was considering lowering the EPA-mandated subsidy payment level for ethanol â€Å"slightly† in 2018. The suggestion sent shockwaves through the Corn Belt and its Republican congressional protectors. Iowa Sen. Chuck Grassley accused Trump of a â€Å"bait and switch,† in reference to his empathic campaign promise. Grassley and Iowa’s other Republican senator, Joni Ernst, threatened to block all of Trump’s future EPA appointments. The governors of most Corn Belt states joined in sending Trump warning him than any cutback in the Renewable Fuel Standard program’s subsidies would be â€Å"highly disruptive, unprecedented and potentially catastrophic.† Faced with the potential loss of influence over some of his strongest congressional backers, Trump quickly told Pruitt to back off any future talk of cutting the ethanol subsidy. On July 5, 2018, Pruitt resigned amid multiple accusations of ethics violations involving his excessive and unauthorized personal use of government funds. He was replace within hours by EPA deputy director Andrew Wheeler, a former lobbyist for the coal industry.

Human origins, human problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human origins, human problems - Essay Example The paper is summarized in a concluding paragraph and Harvard referencing style has been used properly. 2. Introduction to the Hobbit Before going into the details of the subject matter, let’s first get to understand what Homo floresiensis actually is. Homo floresiensis, literally meaning Man of Flores, was discovered by Michael Moore’s team at the Liang Bua cave1 on the island of Flores in Indonesia2 on September 2003. Nicknamed as the Hobbit, it is believed to be a species known for its small sized body and brain whose fossils, according to archeologists, have been found somewhere 38,000 to 18,000 years ago3. More specifically speaking, the size is said to be â€Å"only about 1 meter in height and fully bipedal, with a very small brain size of 417cc†4. Homo floresiensis may be called contemporaries of Homo sapiens. Scientists suggest that since it is usual that large mammals may exist on islands in their dwarf form, hence Homo floresiensis may also be a dwarf f orm of Homo erectus. Mayell5 states that the skulls of the tiny humans were the size of grapefruits and they lived on pygmy elephants, Komodo dragons, and big rats found on the island. 3. Homo Floresiensis (LB1) in Human Evolution 3.1. ... The found specimen, LB1, contains leg bones, hands, feet, pelvis, and other remains which are both primitive and derived. LB1 is said to be the fossil of an adult who might be the age of 30. An analysis of its pelvis revealed that it was the skeleton of a female. It would have been a bit larger on size if it was a male although all fossil found so far are of the same size as LB1. Since, the individual was of young age, the bones of the skeleton had not fossilized as yet and are reported to be in the consistency of mashed potatoes or wet blotting paper. The brain size is as small as 380cc that is a chimpanzee’s brain’s size. With the fossils of LB1, some stone tools were also found which a homini with such a small sized brain cannot make. Thus the tools are believed to be created by Homo sapiens. Anthropologists, for example, Peter Brown, Michael Morwood and their colleagues argue about LB1 that â€Å"it was contemporaneous with modern humans (Homo sapiens) on Floresâ⠂¬ 6. 3.2. Evolution Homo floresiensis are said to have evolved from Homo erectus and the result is a tremendous decrease in the body and brain size. Because of the reduced brain size, archeologists also suggest that the â€Å"floresiensis might actually have evolved from something smaller, such as the Dmanisi hominids found in Georgia, some of which have brain sizes between 600 and 700 cc, smaller than the 800-900cc typical of early erectus†7. Also, when stone tools were found on another location in Flores in 1998, it was said that these tools may be the creation of Homo erectus because these were the pre-sapiens hominids existing in Indonesia who are thought to have crossed the sea-passage that separates Flores from Java. Some archeologists believe that these

Can harm reduction strategies provide a viable basis for youth and Essay

Can harm reduction strategies provide a viable basis for youth and community work practice in marginalized communities with significant drug problems - Essay Example e progressive nations in the world is primarily due to the realization that a consistent portion of the population will use drugs which includes alcohol and tobacco however this discussion speaks primarily to the illegal variety. The current illegal drug strategy in the UK is four-fold. One, educating young persons in the dangers of misusing drugs; two, law enforcement initiatives designed to keep communities safe from drug-related and criminal behaviour and three, disrupt the supply of drugs. The fourth part of the strategy is harm reduction techniques (â€Å"Harm Reduction†, 2002). The goal of harm reduction is to do simply that for both individual and community without regard for personal ideological, legal or moral opinions of drug use. Government sponsored programs and treatment for drug users allows an opportunity for early intervention and education or, for the habitual user, a supply source for controlled narcotic distribution and unused syringes. Access to controlled amounts of narcotics or their synthetic equivalent ensures the drug’s pureness and takes away the need to commit crimes for drug money. A ‘clean needle program’ slows the spread of the HIV virus, hepatitis and other blood-borne illnesses. The benefit to both individual and community is clear (â€Å"AIDS and Drug Misuse†, 1988). The community method of harm reduction incorporates outreach services as its main intercession technique. This is opposed to the traditional, functional approach which operates from a fixed and often inconvenient location. Agencies are situated mainly within marginalized communities and open at opportune times so as to be more accessible to the drug user. In addition, agency workers go to the user if necessary. The workers interact differently in the community method. Instead of outlining a prescribed path of wellness to the user, they inquire as to the needs of the user. â€Å"Needs will be expressed, often having nothing to do with the reduction of

Counterfeit Pharmaceutical Drug Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Counterfeit Pharmaceutical Drug Industry - Essay Example In the recent years, both the appearance of incurable diseases and the popularity of fake medication complicate global counterfeit regulation. In particular, the core sense of this activity in the current economic framework of developed North and developing South, which was a crucial and is still not solved problem. In other words, pharmaceutical drug regulation is incorporated in global economy. In this context, huge profits of pharmaceutical companies cause the situation when business structures resist to any strict regulatory practices. In fact, it is reasonable because regulation has always been strong enough to block innovative potential for business by its strict ruling nature (Brooker and Cullum, 2008, p. 5). Consequently, this number of challenges require regulation to concentrate rather on fundamental transformation than on fixing daily mistakes (Brooker and Cullum, 2008, p. 7), as its efficiency is linked to the social satisfaction. Furthermore, the nature of this process is doubtful in case of pharmaceutical counterfeit regulation. In general, the deep contradiction between human life and business profit eliminates the balance within the regulatory practices in the sphere. In this context, certain researchers found severe problems connected with the impact of regulation on society. For instance, Weinstein (2005) mentions that certain technological measures of regulation challenge personal privacy and freedom (p. 31-32). In addition, current regulation of global pharmaceutics usually relies on national governments and legal institutions not ordinary people personally (Burns, 2006). In other words, counterfeit combat is above all a political battle. In this context, the analysis of regulation in this sphere is based on interest group theories (Baldwin et al., 2012, p. 43-49). Thus, issue of making regulation more effective is crucial for the medical sphere in general and counterfeit

Business managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Business managment - Essay Example objectives tend to differ in a way that the VAA is a business organization trying to raise profits from the services offered while the British Red Cross is an organization trying to help people to survive hard situation. The target groups are different and the overall aims are also different. The airline has a responsibility of providing education and training to the young unemployed people. They can start aviation colleges, aeronautic engineering collages and such colleges to help the community and the government at large to grow. They can also benefit by employing qualified and skilled personnel who have been trained there. VAA has a responsibility of providing quality services to its customers. They can improve the services by increasing the comfort, the capacity of the air buses and the hospitality. They also have a responsibility of creating a good reputation to the shareholders and investors. This can be done through ensuring that the economic state of the company is maintained. This can also be done through making good use of the capital so as to obtain solid profitability to meet shareholder and investor expectations with stable dividends. (â€Å"Responsibility to stakeholders†. 2004) The airline has a responsibility of taking good care of the employees and staff. They should be provided with a good working environment, treated with fairness and rewarded for their performance since their hard work leads to the prosperity of the firm. It also have a responsibility of ensuring that they help to protect the environment by reducing pollution e.g. by the air buses. It has a responsibility of taking care of the business partners like the suppliers e.g through striving for mutual growth and prosperity. They should also pay taxes to the government and operate under the governing laws. VAA improved the services to the customers by expanding the airlines and enabling travel to many countries. Initially, the airline was intended to fly between London and Falkland

International Law and Globalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Law and Globalisation - Essay Example International law is made by society for the benefit of society. Unless the world that we live in has laws to abide by, lawlessness would have cleansed this world of humanity. International law is, simply, the law of international society. The whole human race uses social processes to build its future to be in accordance with what it wills that its future should be. These problems are not just of national interest, but international as well. Terrorism has no boundaries, and terrorists can inflict damage to property, besides taking innocent lives in the name of pretence. The menace of such drastically barbaric acts of terrorism makes the news headlines in papers around the globe everyday. Slavery and child labour is a major cause for concern in third world countries. So much so that, whatever happens before our eyes today are man-made. Natural calamities aside, anything and everything that is reported in the papers, television and radio are all a consequence of human activities. To pr otect and guide civilisation through such unpredictable and barbaric acts of terror and destruction, all states from around the world, combined to form a common law agency, called the United Nations Organisation (UNO). Head Quartered in New York. The UN is the police of world affairs. International laws are formed to curb the menace posed to society. It is laws made by societies to protect them form lawlessness. International Administrative law oversees the use and misuse of power delegated by international law. It ensures that all states abide by the laws recommended by the states are abided and that, if and when, an intentional misdemeanor occurs, laws are enforced to block any damage to society. International administrative law is designed to ensure that powers under international laws are used in accordance with the international social objectives which they are designed to serve, that’s to say, that they are used in the international public interest ‘The actual is not natural and inevitable. The actual was made by us and can be remade by

Business managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Business managment - Essay Example objectives tend to differ in a way that the VAA is a business organization trying to raise profits from the services offered while the British Red Cross is an organization trying to help people to survive hard situation. The target groups are different and the overall aims are also different. The airline has a responsibility of providing education and training to the young unemployed people. They can start aviation colleges, aeronautic engineering collages and such colleges to help the community and the government at large to grow. They can also benefit by employing qualified and skilled personnel who have been trained there. VAA has a responsibility of providing quality services to its customers. They can improve the services by increasing the comfort, the capacity of the air buses and the hospitality. They also have a responsibility of creating a good reputation to the shareholders and investors. This can be done through ensuring that the economic state of the company is maintained. This can also be done through making good use of the capital so as to obtain solid profitability to meet shareholder and investor expectations with stable dividends. (â€Å"Responsibility to stakeholders†. 2004) The airline has a responsibility of taking good care of the employees and staff. They should be provided with a good working environment, treated with fairness and rewarded for their performance since their hard work leads to the prosperity of the firm. It also have a responsibility of ensuring that they help to protect the environment by reducing pollution e.g. by the air buses. It has a responsibility of taking care of the business partners like the suppliers e.g through striving for mutual growth and prosperity. They should also pay taxes to the government and operate under the governing laws. VAA improved the services to the customers by expanding the airlines and enabling travel to many countries. Initially, the airline was intended to fly between London and Falkland

Discuss the accuracy of Winston Churchill's description of the United Essay

Discuss the accuracy of Winston Churchill's description of the United States - Essay Example Some people may label certain actions as right when it comes to a particular situation, whereas others will call it wrong. Most of the time, it is something in between the two. The United States frequently takes action, and it is very hard to determine whether that action was right or wrong. I think that for the most part, only history and hindsight will be able to reveal the reality. One example that I think illustrates this particular idea is the War in Iraq. The United States took very swift action against Iraq after the September 11th attacks. I think that this action might be considered right by some as the U.S. couldn’t not respond to the terrorist attacks. Our country would have been viewed as weak and ineffectual if we hadn’t reacted. However, some people might think it was wrong that we attacked Iraq specifically because many of the terrorists on the hijacked planes were from Saudi Arabia, so some didn’t understand why we went to war with Iraq. At the time, it was thought that Saddam Hussein had Weapons of Mass Destruction and was funding the terrorist organizations. However, American has learned since then that this wasn†™t the case. I think this particular circumstance illuminates how muddled the concepts of right and wrong are in today’s society. I think that for the most part Churchill’s statement is largely inaccurate when looking at America’s decisions from an American perspective. While some countries may think that America does not do the right thing, I think that we try to do the right thing for our own country, which makes sense in the larger sense of

The political decision-making process Essay Example for Free

The political decision-making process Essay The political decision-making process BY Mrcheeks707 The political decision-making process is so irrational that a completely rational approach to health policy-making can hardly be achieved. Support, debunk or provide alternative paradigms or approaches to this statement, focusing on the development of a particular policy area you are familiar with, and using analytic tools and frameworks in health policy analysis. This paper will begin by briefly examining the role of the state in health and how the state or political system is structured to meet this obligation. It will then describe the types of policy, the stages of policy aking, and the uniqueness of health policy making. Having provided a solid foundation for understanding the political and policy making system, in the context of the Trinidad and Tobago scenario, it will delve into analyzing the policy making process, and directly answer the central question of the rationality of policy making in an irrational framework of government structure. Weather policy is taught of as an intent, strategy, hypothesis, objective, goal, principle, or a learning process, it should include what governments say they will do, what they actually do and what they ecide not to do (Walt, 1994). Buse, Mays Walt, (2005 cited in Gilson L, ed. 2012, p. 28) went on to say that health policy also includes decisions made by the private sector and other actions taken outside of the health system, which can have influence on diverse aspects of citizens health. Lipksy (1980 cited in Gilson L, ed. 2012, p. 8) also argue that Health public policy, the term used to differentiate from the broader public policy, is essentially the routinely daily practices of policy actors and their decisions that have been translated from the formal documents, which may ometimes be far removed from the original intent. Regardless of whether the broader objectives focused on in macro/systemic polices of high politics or the finer special interests objectives being met in mic ro- sectoral polices of low politics, there is a general public policy process that should be followed (Evans and Newnham, 1992). To fully appreciate the impetus for health policy making in the public sector, one must understand the role of the state in formulating polices. As most develop and developing countries had been steered to accept the Keynsian philosophy, that f assuming the dominant responsibility in the provision of health services to the public amongst other social services (Walt, 1994), by the 1980s most states were beginning to relinquish its role in the direct provision of services. Despite governments continued attempts to divest the provision of health services to the private sector, urged in part by the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the diminishing resources of individual states, the critical health concerns of a nation will always mandate that some aspects of health care are treated at a central level. The complexities of health professionals training, controlling the spread of HIV and AIDS, and immunization of children, are too critical for a state to leave totally in the hands of private interest. So who or what is this state that has been entrusted with this responsibility of developing public policy, which ultimately impinges on every facet of citizens lives. This state, a subset of the wider political system, is composed of all the authoritative decision-making bodies of the society that maintains law and order while extracting and utilizing revenue, to provide services ncluding health ). Thus, based on the scarcity ot state resources, governments have no choice but to ration goods and services, even values, to varying and competing interest groups. This however, highlights the major flaw of the system model, in that it adopts the position that the state is impartial, and will distribute resources according to need rather than to the clout of interest groups. For one to fully understand the processes of policy making, one must examine it through the lens of policy theories. As macro theories place heavy emphasis on power in political ystems, which its effects are more systemic in nature than micro theories. While the more obvious internal political structure of a nation can facilitate or hinder participation in the policy making process, exogenous factors are a major yet less discernible factor. Therefore, it is dependent on the particular aspect of control that policy health actors are faced with, will direct the type of policy development processes undertaken. If the policy is within the control of Health, involves input to cross portfolio policy development, or involves input to intergovernmental policy evelopment. Amongst the many structures used to describe the policy processes Walt (1994) describes the most commonly used framework as a four step continuous cycle that moves through (1) problem identification and issue recognition/definition, (2) Policy formulation with clarification of policy issues and preferred options, (3) policy implementation (4) policy evaluation and review. Consultation occurs throughout this cycle. This was expanded upon in the NSW Health Department State Health Publication (1998) to include; a release of formal discussion paper and the evelopment of final policy paper, as two separate activities coming after policy formation. These two additional steps have become necessary, as the intended policy must be available to the general public and special interest groups, to illicit their views before it is adopted and sent before cabinet for approval. NSW Health Department State Health Publication (1998) provided twelve guidelines that will further assist in the rational process of a sound policy development process and promote the production of effective and high quality policy documents. These ecommendations places emphasis on the need to have prompt Justification about the reason for the policy, unambiguity as to who holds power over the final document to initiate the policy development process, and selecting appropriate person(s) and resources to undertake the process effectively within the required timeframe. There must also be consistency between micro and macro policies of the Government. NSW Health Department State Health Publication (1998) also urges that not only there should be timely participation of affected government stakeholders, there should be he lively discussion with Health Services and other key external stakeholders. Another area where Trinidad and Tobago can benefit greatly from is the recommendation that adequate testing be given for relevant options before implementation. Head (2008) would argue that for a truly rational approach to health policy making to occur, it must be centered on Evidence-based policy (EBP) making. This concept of EBP sits squarely in the Rational or Synoptic model, and reflects more of an aspiration that a state should acquire, rather than an accomplished outcome hat could be examined. The only way decision makers can realistically and comfortably make sensible selections would be through adopting EBP as a measure to guarantee dependability ot intormation regarding the efficiency and ettectiveness of adopting a particular course of action over other possible alternatives. It was under Prime Minister Blair, the then British Government saw the need for a more rational approach to policy making. They encouraged employing EBP as key trait in the new strategy to develop a logical method to policy development that will bring ncreased policy capability (UK Cabinet Office, 1999a cited in Head, 2008 p. 15). In Australia, Prime Minister Rudd (2008 cited in Head, 2008 p. 15-16) understood for there to be successful governance, decisions must hinge on ESP. In his 2008 address to the Heads of Agencies and Members of Senior Executive Service, he stated The Government will not adopt overseas models uncritically. Were interested in facts, not fads. Australian policy development should be informed by the best of overseas experience and analysis. Other measures include identification and resolution of inancial and staffing implications of policy. Consideration and response to consultation, communication, industrial and implementation issues. Provide for effective implementation and evaluation with performance targets, planning requirements and accountability arrangements identified. Effective use of Cabinet, Budgetary and Legislative processes of Government where required. Having reviewed these many components, hindrances, and best practices of rational policy making, tackling the fundamental question of the reality for there to be a rational approach to health policy-making? And is evident in Trinidad and Tobago, the answer will have to be no. This has become clear as in many instances the required processes that need to be undertaken are not always available to the policy makers. Issues with fully adopting a rational approach begin to surface almost immediately. From simply identifying what exactly the health system is faced with, to defining goals to address those problems, a plethora of impediments already exists to derail the intended logical policy process. Making rational decisions are also constrained by the decisions made by past administrations. This can be seen with the previous administration in Trinidad and Tobago, with the introduction of the CDAP. With such a program providing free prescription drugs for chronic diseases, often benefiting lower income groups, it would have been almost impossible for the new administration to reverse it, even after making negative statements towards such a program while in opposition.

Advanced Glycation End Products (AGE) for Diabetes

Advanced Glycation End Products (AGE) for Diabetes Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome which defined as a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia, that result from insufficient production of insulin, or body cells poorly respond to the insulin that is produced, or both. Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas and secreted in the blood to maintain blood glucose in the body through enables body cells to absorb glucose, to turn into energy. If the body cells enable to absorb the glucose, the glucose will accumulates in the blood (hyperglycemia), leading to many and different potential medical complications (Harmel Mathur, 2004). Diabetes have several categories but the majority of cases fall into two categories which are type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus. These two types are powerful and highly independent risk factors causing coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease and organ damage and dysfunction including eyes and nerves (Harmel Mathur, 2004). Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Type 1 diabetes mellitus resulting from pancreas failure to produce insulin hormone. Person at risk of developing type 1 can be identified by doing serologic test markers that showing evidence of autoimmune destruction of beta cells (islet cells) of the pancreas which is responsible for insulin production. Type 1 diabetes is manifested in childhood and early adulthood, but can patient present at any age (Goroll Mulley, 2009). Type 2 diabetes mellitus: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are prone with wide range of series complications. Type 2 is characterized by high blood glucose due to insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. There are 20.8 million people in United State with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes traditionally is seen in elderly people. However it is diagnosed in obese children. Many studies shows that type 2 diabetes mellitus are associated with high calorie diet, physical inactivity and life style (Feinglos Bethel, 2008). Other Types of Diabetes: There are other types of diabetes but they are less common but patients who are underlying defect or disease process can be identified in a relatively specific manner. These types are Genetic defects of beta-cell function, Diseases of the exocrine pancreas e.g Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy, Endocrinopathies and cystic fibrosis and Uncommon forms of immune-mediated diabetes. Diabetes mellitus complications: Diabetic complications can be grouped into macrovascular and microvascular disease. Macrovascular diseases are result from atherosclerosis which develops in earlier age in patient with diabetes. There are several factors contribute to atherosclerosis such as lipidemia, hypertension, increased platelets adhesion and aggregation, elevated factor V, factor VII and fibrinogen concentration. Macrovascular diseases are seen in both type one and two of diabetes mellitus and they include coronary heart disease, Ischemic stroke and peripheral vascular disease (which can lead to ulcers, gangrene and amputation) (Winter Signorino, 2002). Whereas, Microvascular complications is seen in type one diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycemia damages the basement membrane of capillaries in the retina and glomerulars which leads to retinopathy and neuropathy. Microvascular diseases include neuropathy (nerve damage), nephropathy (kidney disease) and vision disorders (eg retinopathy, glaucoma, cataract and corneal disease). Furthermore there are other complications of diabetes include infections, metabolic difficulties, dental disease, autonomic neuropathy and pregnancy problems (Winter Signorino, 2002). Several clinical research show a strong relationship between hyperglacemia and diabetic microvascular complications in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. High glucose and insulin resistance play important roles in the pathogenesis of macrovascular complications due to atherosclerosis. Diabetes-specific microvascular disease in the retina, glomerulus and vasa nervorum has same pathophysiological features. Intracellular hyperglycaemia causes abnormalities in blood flow and increased vascular permeability which leads to decreased activity of vasodilators such as nitric oxide, increased activity of vasoconstrictors such as angiotensin II and endothelin-1, and elaboration of permeability factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (Brownlee, 2001). There are several factors which contribute the formation of inflammation, atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus complication. These factors are hyperglycemia, accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress which lead to endothelial dysfunction resulting in thrombotic complications and cardiovascular (Altman, 2003). In type 1 diabetes mellitus, high blood glucose is usually as result of low level of insulin secretion whereas in type2 hyperglycemia is caused by resistance of insulin at the cellular level. Low insulin levels or insulin resistance enable the body to convert glucose into glycogen (a starch-as source of energy which stored in the liver). In type 1 diabetes, pancreatic beta cells are attacked by auto-immune which cause infiltration of inflammatory cells and increased expression and secretion of S100-calcium binding protein and high-mobility group protein 1 (HMGP1) through inflammatory cells which consequently lead to islet damage and increased blood glucose level, subsequent accumulation of AGE (Bierhaus Nawroth, 2009). Comparing to T1D, in type 2 diabetes mellitus, different metabolic disturbances stimulates inflammatory cells to secretes RAGE ligands, which cause low-grade inflammation and increased oxidative and carbonly stress, all these play roles in promoting AGE formation and RAGE expression in respective organs (Bierhaus Nawroth, 2009). Insulin resistance and Inflammation: In diabetic patients with hyperglycemia, cause by 1) impaired insulin secretion by the pancreatic ß-cells, 2) muscle insulin resistance, and 3) hepatic insulin resistance all play central roles in the development and progression of glucose intolerance. As I mention before, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance in liver and muscle and impaired insulin secretion. Also include deranged adipocyte metabolism and modified fat topography in the pathogenesis of glucose intolerance in T2DM. Fat cells are resistant to insulins antilipolytic effect, which result in increased plasma free fat acid levels. Long period of increasing plasma fat fee acid stimulates gluconeogenesis, promote hepatic and muscle insulin resistance, and impairs insulin secretion in genetically predisposed patients. These pathways of FFA-induced are known as lipotoxicity. Fat cells Dysfunction makes excessive amounts of insulin resistance-inducing, inflammatory, and atherosclerotic-provoking cytokines and fails to secrete normal level of insulin-sensitizing adipocytokines. Enlarged fat cells are insulin resistant and have minimized capacity to store fat. When storage capacity of adipocyte is exceeded, lipid overflows into muscle, liver, a nd perhaps ß-cells, resulting in muscle, hepatic insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. In type 2 diabetics, the ability of insulin to stop lipolysis and to decrease the plasma FFA levels is markedly impaired. It is clearly that chronic elevated levels of plasma free fat acid leads to insulin resistance in muscle and liver, and impair insulin secretion. In addition to FFA in plasma, increase stores of triglycerides in muscle and liver which correlate closely with the presence of insulin resistance in tissues. The triglycerides in liver and muscle are in a state of constant turnover, and the metabolites of intracellular triglyceride lipolysis impair action of insulin in liver and muscle (Bays et al, 2004). This pathway of events has been referred to as lipotoxicity . The accumulation of lipid in dipocytes leads to activate NADPH oxidase which increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The mechanisms increased production of cytokines including TNF-ÃŽ ±, IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and reduce the production of adiponectin (Shoelson et al, 2006). Furthermore accumulation of lipid activates the protein response to increased ER stess in fat and liver. All these have accumulated to induce lipotoxicity as an important cause of ß-cell dysfunction (Bays et al, 2004). Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE): RAGE is type I transmembrane receptor of the immunogloblin superfamily. It is a receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (AGE). It is about 45-KD a protein and it is consist of 403 amino acids in human, rate and mouse. Its extracellular region consists of one V-type (variable) immunoglobulin domina, which followed by two C-type (constant) immunoglobulin dominas (Basta, 2004). Its name drive from its ability to bind AGE and also it is known as AGER. It is located within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III region on chromosome 6, which contains numbers of genes involved predominantly in inflammatory and immune responses and several components of complements. Beside AGE, RAGE is able to bind several ligands therefore is called a pattern-recognition receptor. These ligands are high-mobility group protein 1 (HMGP1), S100-calicum binding protein (S100b) which is family of pro-inflammatory cytokines and it can be found in any inflammatory lesion and vascular walls of diabetics patients, amyloid-ß-protein and macrophage-1 glycoprotein (CD11B/CD18). RAGE plays role in diabetes and other metabolic disease. The interaction of RAGE and its ligands cause pro-inflammatory activation. It is involved in several diseases such as innate immune response, mediating immune and inflammatory response, cancer promoting and progressing and microvascular and mi crovascular diseases (Bierhaus Nawroth, 2009). Moreover, RAGE expression is increased in the cells of the vascular walls, at the site where AGEs and S100/calgranulins are accumulated, including endothelium vascular smooth muscle cells, glomerular mesangial cells and mononuclear phagocytes. This destrbution of RAGE and its ligands leads to increased cellular activation, causing further raised expression of the receptor (Basta et al, 2004). Recently the studies have been proved that RAGE and its ligands accumulate in diabetes and contribute to its pathology. Serum levels of S100A8/9 and S100A12 increased in type 2 diabetic patients. Also, evidence was provided by raised serum levels HMGB1 were linked to coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes. In addition the studies which have been done in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats proved that diabetes increased amyloid-beta-peptide (1-40) levels in the brain. Furthermore, CML-modification of S100A8 and S100A9 are seen in inflammatory bowel disease and promote RAGE-mediated sustained inflammatory. Moreover, Carboxylated N-glycans on RAGE eases binding of HMGB and mediates ligation of S100A8/A9 to subpopulation of RAGE on colon cancer cells (Bierhaus Nawroth, 2009). Advanced Glycation End products (AGE) and its biochemical mechanism production: There are various pathways involved in stimulation of atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus. However the most important one is formation and deposition of AGEs through nonenzymetic reaction between extracellular protein and glucose and it accumulates within cells of the vascular walls, in the extracellular space, kidney, nerves and retina (Basta et al, 2004). Possible mechanism of AGEs formation arise from intracellular auto-oxidation of glucose to glyoxal, decompounding of the Amadori product (glucose-derived 1-amino 1-deoxyfructose lysine adducts) to 3-deoxyglucosone and fragmentation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate to methylglyoxal. These reactive intracellular dicarbonyls (glyoxal, methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone) which can react with amino groups of intracellular and extracellular proteins to form AGEs (pyrraline, pentosidine, CML, crossline) (Balasubramanyam et al, 2002). Several experimental studies evidenced that advanced glycation end products can alter vascular wall homeostasis in atherogenic through different ways which are: AGEs and mononuclear phagocytes Interaction: The binding of AGEs with mononuclear phagocytes MPs induces the activation of platelet-derived growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1ß and TNF-ÃŽ ±. Furthermore the interaction of AGEs with its receptor (RAGE) in the mononuclear phagocytes promotes cell migration (chemotaxis) (Basta et al, 2004). AGEs and vascular smooth muscle cells Interaction: Interaction of AGE with smooth muscle cells (SMCs) exhibits the proliferative activity and production of fibronectin. SMC growth are indirectly mediate by cytokines or growth factors which induced by AGEs in the MPs. Transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) act as an intermediate factor in AGE-induced fibronectin formation by SMC(Basta et al, 2004). AGEs with vascular endothelium Interactions: alterations of vascular permeability and of adhesive properties As result its unique position and numerous properties, the vascular endothelium has important role in the regulation of extracellular permeability, the maintenance of blood fluidity, metabolism of hormones and vasoactive mediators and the regulation of vascular growth and tone. The endothelium is exposed to AGEs located on circulating proteins and cells (such as, diabetic RBCs), also those found in the underlying subendothelial matrix. Receptors for AGEs present on the endothelial cell surface, and mediate both the uptake and AGEs transcytosis, and the internal signal transduction. AGE-RAGE interaction leads to alteration of barrier function and an increased permeability of endothelial cells interact with AGEs and increased migrate of macromolecules through the endothelial monolayer. The increase in permeability is associated by alterations of the physical integrity of the endothelium, as shown by the destruction of structures and alterations of cellular morphology (Basta et al, 2004 ). Also, it has been proved that AGEs cause alterations of endothelial anti-hemostatic functions in vitro, through a reduction of thrombomodulin expression and accompanied with induction of tissue factor expression. The promoting of tissue factor and the decreasing in thrombomodulin activity change the dynamic endothelial features with regard to hemostasis from those of an anticoagulant to those of a procoagulant surface (Basta et al, 2004). Intraction of AGEs with endothelial RAGE also causes the depletion of cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms (such as glutathione, vitamin C) and the generation of reactive oxygen species. As a result of the increased cellular oxidative stress, NF-ÃŽ ºB activation occurs, thus inducing the expression of NF-ÃŽ ºB-regulated genes including, in addition to the procoagulant tissue factor, adhesion molecules, such as E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1); this past may prime diabetic vasculature towards enhanced interaction with circulating monocytes. Furthermore, the incubation of endothelial cells with EN-RAGE or S100B results in VCAM-1 induction, in a RAGE-dependent manner, as sustained by the inhibitory effect of anti-RAGE IgG or soluble RAGE (Basta et al, 2004). Alterations of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation AGEs linked to the vascular matrix may quench bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), which is an important regulator of vascular tone inducing smooth muscle cell relaxation. Studies provided that, AGE inhibits NO activity, when it added to NO in vitro. Studies on animal exterminate induced diabetes show that an alteration of endothelium-dependent dilatation occurs in short period, within 2 months, from diabetes induction. A direct reaction between NO radical and other free radicals which are formed during the reactions of AGEs assumable leads to inactivation of NO. In parallel, advanced glyaction end products promote the expression of the potent vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 changing endothelial function towards vasoconstriction (Basta et al, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These four mechanisms promote and alter vascular wall homeostasis. When mononuclear phagocytes migrate to the site of immobilized AGEs in the tissue, their migrations allow them to interact with AGE -modified surface and become activated. This mechanism cause attracting and retaining MPs in tissue where AGEs deposit. Migration and activation of MPs and T cells (inflammatory cells) promote and cause chronic vascular inflammation through alter vessel wall (Basta et al, 2004). Promotion of atherogenesis pathways by AGEs: AGEs are most important factors in endothelial dysfunction in diabetic patients through binding its receptor (RAGE). Advanced Glycation Endproducts stimulate the expression of proinflammatory cells and molecules (Altman, 2003). AGEs can be seriously deleterious to the function of blood vessel walls in various ways. First it causes blood vessel dysfunction through cross bridges among vessel macromolecules. Secondly of damage is that accumulation of AGEs lead circulating blood cells to adhere to the vascular walls which promote atherosclerosis. Third way is through binding different receptors which have been recognized on various cell types such as macrophages, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells, renal and neuronal cells (Basta et al, 2004). Hyperglycaemia Mechanisms-caused damage: Hyperglycemia diverse microvascular and macrovascular complications in diabetic patients through several mechanisms such as increased formation and accumlation of advanced glycation end-product (AGE); activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms; and increased generation of reactive oxygen species (Bonke et al,2008) Increased production advanced glycation end-products AGE promote atherogenesis pathway through accumulation of AGEs and AGEs ligation to RAGE on endothelial cells and macrophages induce inflammation through activating pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-ÃŽ ±, 1L-6 a L-1ß, induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and through increased oxidative stress which lead to degradation of IKBs (IKBs is normally bound to NF-KB to prevent translocation of NF-KB to nucleus). ROS activates NF-KB which results in translocation of NF-KB to nucleus. Activation of NF-KB cause pathological change of gene expression which is highly related to inflammation, immunity and atherosclerosis, increased expression of inflammatory mediators which lead to insulin resistance and increased RAGE expression as well (Basta et al, 2004). Mechanisms by which intracellular production of advanced glycation end-product (AGE) precursors damages vascular cells. Cellular functions are altered by dicarbonyl advanced glycation end products. Alteration of extracellular matrix proteins results in abnormal interactions with other matrix proteins and with integrins. Alteration of plasma proteins by AGE precursors generate ligands that bind to AGE receptors, inducing conversion of gene expression in endothelial cells, mesangial cells and macrophages. Activation of protein kinase C: The protein kinace C (PKC) family compromises at least eleven isoforms, nine are induced by the lipid second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG). Altered DAG-PKC pathway play an important role in diabetic complications. Intracellular hyperglycaemia raises the amount of DAG which activate PKC in cultured vascular cells and in the retina and renal glomeruli of diabetic animals. Hyperglycaemia may also activate PKC isoforms indirectly by AGEs bind receptors and increased activity of the polyol pathway, possibly through increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). AGE stimulated diacylglycerol (DAG) and activate protein kinase C (PKC) in VSMC. PKC is one of important signal transduction elements involved with multiple cell response. In early studies of diabetes, retinal and renal blood flow abnormalities are due to activation of PKC-ß isoforms perhaps through depressing nitric oxide production or increasing endothelin-1 activity. Abnormal activation of protein kinase C has several pathogenic c onsequences: It leads to decreased production of nitric oxide in smooth muscle cells and glomerular mesangial cells that is induced by hyperglycemia (Brownlee, 2001). Activation of PKC causes inhibition of insulin-stimulated expression of mRNA for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in cultured endothelial cells. Hyperglycaemia activates PKC to increased endothelin-1, permeability of endothelia cells and increased expression of the vascular permeability angiogenesis factor (VEGF) in smooth muscle cells (Brownlee, 2001). Increased generation of reactive oxygen species: Increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is another possible pathways of diabetes complications especially nephropathy complication. Production of Reactive oxygen species can be result from the activation of various enzymes, including NADPH oxidase, nitric oxide (NO) synthase, and myeloperoxidase, with arising evidence that NADPH oxidase is the major cytosolic source of ROS generation in diabetes. NADPH has homologues that are present within the kidney, namely nox-3, seen in fetal kidney, and nox-4, which is predominately expressed in the renal cortex. AGE bind RAGE induces signal transduction and activate NADPH oxidase in endothelial cells. The interaction between AGE-RAGE enhances production of the cytokine vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is directly induced by NADPH oxidase and is associated with the pathogenesis of albuminuria in diabetes (Bonke et al, 2008). Diabetes mellitus control and treatment: Both type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus are characterized by elevated blood glucose level due to insufficiency of insulin level. Therefore, diabetes patients need to reduce blood glucose level through healthy diet, drugs such as (hypoglycemic tablets and anti-atherosclerosis drugs), insulin injection and regular physical exercise. Healthy Diet: In general, healthy diet for diabetes patients should include: limit fats (especially saturated fats and trans-fat acid), proteins and cholesterol. Also, patient should consume a lot of fiber and vegetables. Patients with insulin-producing or insulin synthesis treatment should monitor their blood glucose level to avoid hyperglycemia. For example, adults and teenager patients should maintain their blood glucose level between 80-120 mg/dl, and 100-200 mg/dl for children under 12 year old. Type 1 diabetes patients should test their blood glucose level four to more per day. However, in type 2 diabetes, patients recommend to measure blood glucose level 1 to 2 times daily, because glucose level in type 2 diabetes is more stable than in type 1. Such important tests are important during diet plans and treatment. For example, glycosylated hemoglobin test (HbA1 c) is an indicator for carbohydrate level. Micro and macroalbuminuria indicates of the proteinuria and renal function, for instance if the teat showed high level of proteinuria then the patient need to lowering protein intake (Flaws et al, 2002). Exercise: Physical exercise is important to manage diabetes complications. Regular exercise improves the status of both type 1 and 2 diabetes through transporting sugar to muscles, improving blood circulation, and increasing insulin receptors. Exercise has specific effects on diabetes patients include: reducing blood glucose level during and after exercise, increased insulin sensitivity, reduced triglyceride level and increased good cholesterol (HDL) (Flaws et al, 2002). However, diabetes patients may have several risks associated with exercise which include: hypoglycemia if patient under treatment with hyperglycemia agents, hyperglycemia and ketosis in insulin-deficient patients, and exacerbation of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, patients who are over 30 year old should be examined before doing physical exercise. These examinations include: cardiovascular exams such as blood pressure, blood lipid and ECG, and neurological evaluation such as eye exam (Flaws et al, 2002). Anti-inflammatory drugs Various drugs in recent clinical practice have been used as anti-inflammatory agents such as thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of PPARÃŽ ³ agonists and members of statin class of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Both of them have importane anti-inflammatory properities and both have action on glucose homeostasis and cholesterol redusing (Shoelson et al, 2006). TZDs are used to induced insulin sensivity and decresed hyperglicemia in patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus. TZDs drugs inculde pioglitazone, rosiglitazone and troglitazone. The role of TZDs is through binding and activiting PPARÃŽ ³ to induce a number of gene expression products in a dipocyte. TZDs action are attributed to fatty acid in the a dipose tissue. TZD decreases circulating free faty acid and keep faty acid out of musle and liver because accumalte of fatty acide in these tissue lead to insulin resistance. In addition, PPARÃŽ ³ is not only present in dipocyte but also in it is expressed in macrophages and other immune cells response, hepatocyte, endothelial cells and vascular smooth mucsle cells (VSMC). TZD play role in reduce the expression of targets gene for cytokines, growth factors, proliferation and migration of cells, and cell cycle progression (Shoelson et al, 2006). Rosigliatozone: Rosigliatozone decreses the inflammatory markers such as serum C-reactive protein, metalloproteinase-9, white blood cell, tumer necrosis factor-ÃŽ ± and serum amyloid-A in type two diabetes mellitus (Altman, 2003). Group of studies done on Diabetes Rodents: The recent research has demonstrated that rosiglitizone, a PPARÃŽ ³ agonist, attenuates diabetes associated atherosclorosis. The reaserch has studied the direct antiathersclosis effects of PPARÃŽ ³ afer long beriod of therapy in an experiment of insulin deficiency. This study show that rosiglitezone has no effect on glucose level in both control or diabetes mice. However, rosiglitizone , PPARÃŽ ³ (acting as insulin sinstiser) significally decresed plasma insulin level in control mice (Calkin et al, 2005). In addition to Calkin study and his collegous, another study shows that rosiglitazone increase the insulin content and iselt cells number and total mass of pancreas in diabetes rats. However, it is unknown if this is adirect effect of rsiglitazone by activation of PPARÃŽ ³ mediated pathway in islets or indirect effect of normalizing the hyperglicemia (Sanchez et al, 2002). Increaesd secration rate of proinsulin relative to insulin is one oa acommon feature in type 2 diabetes mellitus. The normal range of proinsulin in normal subjects is about 2 to 4% of the total amount of insulin and in type 2 diabetes proinsulin rate is about 15%. Curently the studies has been demonstrated that rosiglitazone in type 2 diabetes decrease proinsulin secretion. Proinsulin has been associated with activity of carboxypeptidase E. Fricker and collegous have evidenced that carboxypeptidase are present in secretory pathway and participate in peptide processing. CarboxypeptidaseB has similler feature as carboxypeptidaseE but the precursor sequence of carboxypeptidaseB has been seen in an adult mouse islet cells. Thus suggest that rosiglitazone may has primery effect on increasing the expression of carboxypeptidaseB precursor protein resulting in increse proinsulin to insulin conversion (Sanchez et al, 2002). Further more, rosiglitizone did not affect fasting insluin level in diabetic mice due to streptozotocin which induce insulin insufficency. Also, another group of study has curently demonstrated that short period of treatment with rosiglitizone decreased plaque area in diabetic mice but had no determination if effects seen were linked to insulin sensitization (Calkin et al, 2005). More current sutdies have evedanced that rosiglitezone treatment in diabetes mice reduce gene expression of the NF-KB subunit p65. Further study has shown that rosiglitizone has no direct effect o glucose-induce upregulation of oxidative stress. Same study had investigated RAGE expression acording to preveious finding that first of all, RAGE expression increse oxidative stress and secondly rosiglitezone which used in culture media alter RAGE expression. The study had shown, the expression of RAGE gene wasnt altered by rosiglitizone (Calkin et al, 2005). Some study showed no significant alteretion in gene expression after TZDs treatment. This is because of almost studies were not preformed in human adipose tissue in vivo but they used adipose tissue of rodents and adipocyte cell line. Actually under such study we should consider about some facts that, for example rosiglitazone dose which used in rodents study (10 mg/kg) is higher than human dose about 100-fold. furthermore, TZD may has an action on gene expressed in rodents but it is not necessarily to has same action on human gene. For example carbonic anhydrase 3 protein raised 2-fold after treated the mice with rosiglitazone, however there was no increasing in carbonic anhydrase 3 mRNA in human adipocyte. Although there were similarities in the action of TZD-induced insulin sensitivity, there may be TZD action has different mechanisms on experimental models and human (Kolak et al,2007). Therfore, Im going to discuss about the studies which have been done on human adipose tissue and there findings. Group of studies done in human patient with type 2 diabetes: Overactivity of ubiquitin-proteasome system is associated with the inflammation and atherosclerotic plaques in type 2 diabetes. Study by Marfella and his colegous on human diabetes patients has been shown that the PPAR-ÃŽ ³ agonist rosiglitazone reduce ubiquitin-proteasome activity and thuss prevent plaque progression to unstable phenotype in diabetes individulas (Marfella et al, 2006). Also, same study shows, the production of O2- by monocytes is reduced after rosiglitazone treatment. Thus proteasome reduction is induced by inhibition of oxidative stress and polyubiquitination. As oxidative stress induce insulin resistence through NF-kB activation, rosiglitazone enhance insulin sensivity and plaque stability in diabetes patien through reducing oxidative stress and ubiquitin-proteasome activity. Further possibility that, NF-KB activation is inhibited by rosiglitazone through a PPAR-ÃŽ ³ independent pathway. PPAR-ÃŽ ³ agonist inhibits NF-KB translocation and subsequent DNA binding through inhibits immune response which induce degradation of IKBs (Marfella et al, 2006). Rosiglitazone have significant effects on metabolism of faty acid and lowering circuliting non-esterified fatty acid. Therfore rosiglitazone prevent islet cells through reducing fatty acid exposure (Sanchez et al, 2002) Kolak and his colleagues investigated the gene of expression in human adipose tissue in vivo in type two diabetes mellitus, befor and after tratment with rosigliatozone and metformin. Reosigliatozone modulates expression of gene which involved in free faty acid synthesis and storage, protein strcture, inflammatory cells inculde macrophage and gene associated in glucose transport and insulin sensivity. Whereas metformin has no effect on these gene (Kolak et al, 2007). TZD decrease the expression of RAGE endothelial protien. From preveious finding, TNF-ÃŽ ± increase the expression of RAGE on endothelial cells, so

Exegetical Analysis of Colossians Essay -- essays research papers fc

Scripture Paragraph Text: Colossians 1:24 – 2:5 Book Purpose: Paul’s purpose in writing this book is to teach against the false teaching’s being taught there. The main theme of the book is that Jesus Christ is God and the only true way to heaven. Subject of Paragraph: Sacrificial Service for Christ Scriptural Context:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Immediate: The Passage before this one deals with the Supremacy of Christ. It tells that Christ is God and how he reconciled us to him. The passage after this one deals with living in him. It tells of the fullness that can be found in him. Paul also writes of our forgiveness and how he was triumphant over the cross. Basically Paul tells us of the freedom we have in Christ.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Book Context: The passage I chose deals with what we need to do as Christian’s. It also tells of the labor we will face for Christ. I think it is meant to be an encouragement to stay strong in the faith. The book of Colossians to me relates to the passage I chose by the way it flows. It seems to flow in an orderly fashion. It starts with the explanation of how Christ is Supreme and the proof of His Deity. Paul then transitions to telling about what he has gone through for the gospel and how he is compelled to labor for the Gospel. From there he goes into the freedom we have in Christ and how we are made alive in him. Paul then goes on to give us rules for Holy living. He also instructs us on how to run a Christian household. He...

Can you remember the last time you had a sweet?

Surely the last time you had a sweet wasn't because you worked hard for it, or because you were on your bestest behaviour that your mum decided to treat you. In fact, you're probably having something sugary as your reading this; what is it this time: A Sherbet? A Skittle? Or a plan and simple, sugar filled frothy fizzy drink. If you're not drinking it now, the last time you probably drank it was to ease the chicken and chips going down your throat for lunch. It's more attractive than the healthy stuff. It's cheaper than the healthy stuff. No doubt tastier than the healthy stuff. So why are fizzy drinks and sugary snacks being replaced by the healthy stuff? Shouldn't they be banned altogether? Decaying of the teeth are the main reasons for toothaches. 60%, that's almost 2 out of every 3, children in Scotland have a dental disease from as young as 3 years old. Sweets and fizzy drinks allow this to happen. The unnatural sugars they contain erode your teeth to make them thin and see through. I once knew a boy who had no front teeth! Well that's what it looked like anyway. He drank so many Coca Colas that his teeth started looking like glass. Not only did he get laughed at but he wasn't allowed sweets for the rest of his life. I don't know bout you, but I definitely think sweets are not worth that, even if they taste unbelievably scrumscious. While your mouth bathes in the sweet syrupy substances, it's sometimes easy to forget where you left the wrapper. Nearly everyone throws it's in the bin. But the minority don't dispose of it as sensibly. This is a health hazard. Imagine slipping on a slick silk like chocolate wrapper and cutting yourself on an open tin can, all because a one child didn't throw his rubbish away. And when your classrooms full of sweet wrappers, cans of coke, and tables looking like they've been moulded from chewing gum, learning is not easy. Learning is important while you're young. It's where the basic yet very crucial information is taught. Without knowing the basics, it's almost impossible to progress in life. But when you're tied and feeling lazy this too can make it difficult. And the main reason why you're tied during the day is because you're up during the night. And the main reason why you're up during the night is because you drank to much caffeine during the day. And the main reason why you drink caffeine is because it's in fizzy drinks; and fizzy drinks are addictive. I know this seems like just another article telling you that sweets are bad and that you should stay away from them. You probably get enough of that from your parents, teachers and dentists. But it's true. They damage your health, create hazards and in all stop you from reaching your full potential in life. And besides, there are only so many pounds the tooth fairy has. I don't think she can afford to pay you everyday for every tooth that will eventually fall out if you carry on consuming candy. Ban the sweets and fizzy drinks: Ban the damage, hazards and create yourself a better future.

Donne as a Metaphysical Poet Essay

Introduction During the past forty years there have been two major theories of language learning by children. But there are two major schools of thought known as, ‘Behaviorists’ and ‘Mentalists’. One school is of the view that language learning is entirely the product of experience and that our environment affects all of us. Others have suggested that everybody has an innate language learning mechanism. Let us discovery with the help of these two schools of thought that how do children acquire their mother tongue. How do they grow up linguistically and learn to handle the stylistics varieties of their mother tongue? How much of the linguistics system they are born with and how much do they discover from their exposure to language? a) The Behaviorist School B.F. Skinner and his followers are known as behaviorist. According to them language learning is process known as operant conditioning. Conditioned Behavior is behavior which is the result of repeated training. Operant means that it is voluntary behavior, it is result of learner’s own free will, and it is not forced by any outside person or thing. The learner demonstrates the new behavior first as a response to a system of reward or punishment, and finally as an automatic response. In order to prove their theory they conducted an experiment. EXPERIMENT They put a rat in a box containing a bar. If it presses a bar, it is rewarded with a pellet of food. Nothing forces it to press the bar. The first time it probably does so accidentally. When the rat finds that the food arrives, it presses the bar again. Eventually it finds that if it is hungry it can obtain food by pressing the bar. Then task is made more difficult. The rat only gets rewarded if it presses the bar while a light is flashing. At first rat is puzzled. Eventually it learns the trick. Then the task is made more difficult again. This time the rat only receives food if it presses the bar a certain number of times. After initial confusion it learns to do this also. And so on, and so on. Operant condition can be summarized thus STIMULUS RESPONSE REINFORCEMENT REPETITION In operant conditioned, reinforcement plays a vital role. There are two kinds of reinforcement: A) Positive Reinforcement Praise and rewards are positive reinforcement. Experiments have shown that positive reinforcement works much better in bringing about good learning. B) Negative Reinforcement Rebukes and punishments are negative reinforcement. The behaviorists also claim that we learn language by imitation and association. For example, a young child hears the word â€Å"water† with the actual thing. He then makes this sound himself, imitating what he has heard. His parents are pleased that he has learnt another word and so his response is reinforced. The thoughts of behaviorist school can well be understood according to following tree diagram. The Behaviorist School Language learning is Positive Imitation Operant conditioning and and Negative Association Reinforcement Noam Chomsky explicitly rejects the behaviorists’ position that language should be thought of as verbal behavior, arguing that it should be thought of as knowledge held by those who use language. Chomsky suggests that the learner of any language has an inbuilt learning capacity for language that enables each learner to construct a kind of personal theory or set of rules about the language based on very limited exposure to language. b) The Mentalist School Chomsky and his mentalist followers claim that a child learns his first language through cognitive learning. They claim that language is governed by rules, and is not a haphazard thing, as Skinner and his followers would claim. According to Chomsky, the child is born with a mental capacity for working out the underlying system to the jumble of sounds which he hears. He constructs his own grammar’ and imposes it on all the sounds reaching his brain. This mental grammar is part of his cognitive framework, and nothing he hears is stored in his brain until he has matched it against what he already knows and found a ‘correct’ place for it within this framework. Chomsky argues that language is so complex that it is almost incredible that it can be acquired by a child in so short a time. He says that a child is born with some innate mental capacity which helps the child to process all the language which he hears. This is called the Language Acquisition Device, and he saws it as comprising a special area of the brain whose only function was the processing of language. This function, he argues, is quite separate from any other mental capacity which the child has. When Chomsky talks about ‘rules’, he means the unconscious rules in a child’s mind these rules enables him to make grammatical sentences in his own language. Chomsky does not mean that a child can describes these rules explicitly. For example, a four or five year old child can produce a sentence like I have done my work; he can do that because he has a ‘mental grammar’ which enables him to form correct present perfect structures and also to use such structures in the right and appropriate situations. But he is unable to define the formation of present perfect tense. The thoughts of Mentalists can well be understood with the help of the following tree diagram. The Mentalists School Language learning Input Mental grammar Is an (own rules) Innate ability LAD Grammatical Output sentences Both the schools have said significant things, yet neither is perfect. The mentalists’ emphasis on the rule-learning is over enthusiastic, and the behaviorists’ rejection of meaning is entirely unjust. Language acquisition seems to be a process both of analogy and application, both nature and nurture. The differences between the empiricists approach and that of the rationalist can be summarized in the following manner: BEHAVIOURISTS APPROACH MENTALIST APPROACH Conclusion This comparative study makes one thing clear: nature and nurture, analogy and application, practice and exposure are important. Innate potentialities lay down the framework. Within this framework, there is wide variation depending on the environment. The kind of language that children ultimately grow into shaped by the culture-based responses of the family, if not in a way that can be called imitation, then at least in terms of things the child chooses to do with its language. But we should be wary of the idea that all children experience the same practices and follow the same development path as they grow into their language. Having been exposed to a small number of utterances, the child begins to extract the principles underlying the utterances and compose new utterances of his own. This is the way every child grammar to communicate in an intelligent manner. He makes mistakes and produces ungrammatical sentences. His elders correct him; he feeds the information into his mini-grammar, modifies some of the rules, and again produces new utterances. In a period of about four years, he is able to master and internalize all the essential rules of language. This is a proof that a child’s own rules of grammar are more important to him than mere imitation.

How Does Wal Mart Motivate Their Employees

Wal Mart motivates their employees with health and financial benefits. Some of these include health, dental and life insurance, and an eyewear program. Employees also receive a 401(k) plan, have the opportunity to purchase stock, receive a discount card and can receive special discounts on travel and entertainment.My work at Walmart is about savings, but my benefits are about security. I'm Making Better Possible. Melissa, Pharmacy TechOur Benefits team works hard to offer associates comprehensive and affordable benefits to help you stay healthy. When you become an associate, you can take advantage of a variety of great benefits for you and your family, including: Health & Well-Being BenefitsConsumer-directed health plans, including Health Reimbursement Accounts (HRA) plans and a high deductible plan with a Health Savings Account (HSA). Highlights include: 100 percent coverage for eligible in-network preventive care $4 co-pay on eligible generic drugs at Walmart or Sam’s Club p harmacies Free access to nurse care managers and health care advisors HMO plans (available in certain areas)Vision plan Dental plan Resources For Living ® – a free confidential counseling and health information service Company-paid life insurance Accidental death & dismemberment insurance (AD&D) Critical illness insurance Short- and long-term disability insurance Business Travel Accident Insurance Illness Protection (Sick Time) Financial BenefitsMatching contributions to your 401(k) up to 6% of your salary Associate Stock Purchase Plan with a company match Associate Discount Card for Walmart and Home Office associates and Sam’s Club Home Office associates, spouses and dependents Sam’s Club associates receive a complimentary membership Exclusive discounts on everything from brand new cars and wireless services to travel when associates visit our online Associate Discount Center – more than 375 discounts available

INTERNATIONAL HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

INTERNATIONAL HRM - Essay Example an now be called on to create company wide policies which affect the people working in London as much as they affect employees working in other parts of the globe. Implementing a global policy is never an easy task since the HR manager who is assigned to the job may have to balance several cultural, national and business systems related issues. Cultural differences are probably the widest set of problems since the phrase is used as a generic term for all the differences which people may have in their workplaces from country to country and region to region. In fact, I think that the elimination or at least the reduction of cultural differences could be the best course of action a HR manager could take. This is actually at the heart of the definition of globalisation where we are heading towards a mixture of cultures that represent us as human beings. The company wide HR policies can be a document which sets up the culture of the company even as an isolated bubble in a country where the outside culture is significantly different. However, this could also be asking for trouble as going with policies which are very much at odds with local cultures can create resentment and even a loss of human capital. The problems are compounded by the fact that MNC by their nature and definition may have origins in countries other than their main operations (Edwards & Kuruvilla, 2005). Wipro originated in India for example but has established offices in Sweden and London. Microsoft still calls the U.S. its home, yet the majority of their software is developed in India. An HR manager therefore, might consciously or unconsciously found the companies policies in the culture of its national origins thereby somewhat defeating the purpose of an international HR policy (Faulkner, et. al. 2002). To carry over the same style of HR management between countries with vastly different business cultures is very difficult. The situation which comes about in these cases is that important